Felony disenfranchisement - Wikipedia. Felony disenfranchisement is the exclusion from voting of people otherwise eligible to vote (known as disfranchisement) due to conviction of a criminal offense, usually restricted to the more serious class of crimes: felonies. Jurisdictions vary as to whether they make such disfranchisement permanent, or restore suffrage after a person has served a sentence, or completed parole or probation.[1] Felony disenfranchisement is one among the collateral consequences of criminal conviction and the loss of rights due to conviction for criminal offense.[2]Opponents have argued that such disfranchisement restricts and conflicts with principles of universal suffrage.[3] It can affect civic and communal participation in general.[1] Opponents argue that felony disenfranchisement can create dangerous political incentives to skew criminal law in favour of disproportionately targeting groups who are political opponents of those who hold power. History[edit]In Western countries, felony disenfranchisement can be traced back to ancient Greek and Roman traditions: disenfranchisement was commonly imposed as part of the punishment on those convicted of "infamous" crimes, as part of their "civil death", whereby these persons would lose all rights and claim to property. Most medieval common law jurisdictions developed punishments that provided for some form of exclusion from the community for felons, ranging from execution on sight to exclusion from community processes.[4]In the United States[edit]Background[edit]The United States is among the most punitive nations in the world when it comes to denying the vote to those who have been convicted of a felony offence.[5][6]In the U. Watch The Asian Connection Online Metacritic. S., the constitution implicitly permits the States to adopt rules about disenfranchisement "for participation in rebellion, or other crime", by the fourteenth amendment, section 2. It is up to the states to decide which crimes could be grounds for disenfranchisement, and they are not formally bound to restrict this to felonies; however, in most cases, they do.[citation needed] Felons are allowed to vote in most U.

S. states. Between 1. Since 2. 00. 8 state laws have continued to shift, both curtailing and restoring voter rights, sometimes over short periods of time within the same state.[7]Current practices[edit]As of 2. United States were denied the right to vote due to felony disenfranchisement.[8] In the national elections in 2.

This comprised 2. The state with the highest number of disenfranchised voters was Florida, with 1. Reform efforts[edit]Felony disenfranchisement was a topic of debate during the 2. Republican presidential primary. Rick Santorum argued for the restoration of voting rights for convicted felons who had completed sentences and parole/probation.[9] Santorum's position was attacked and distorted by Mitt Romney, who alleged that Santorum supported voting rights for felons while incarcerated rather than Santorum's stated position of restoring voting rights only after the completion of sentence, probation and parole.[9][1.

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Former President Barack Obama supports voting rights for ex- offenders.[1. In the years 1. 99. As a result, in 2.

Since then, more severe disenfranchisement rules have been passed in several states. State reforms[edit]In 2. Florida's Republican Governor Charlie Crist pushed to make it easier for most convicted felons to regain their voting rights reasonably quickly after serving their sentences and probation terms.[1. In March 2. 01. 1, however, Republican Governor Rick Scott reversed the 2. Felons may not apply to the court for restoration of voting rights until seven years after completion of sentence, probation and parole.[1.

In Iowa in July 2. Democratic Governor Tom Vilsack issued an executive order restoring the right to vote for all persons who had completed supervision.[1.

On October 3. 1, 2. Iowa's Supreme Court upheld mass re- enfranchisement of convicted felons. Showtime Full Late Night Double Feature Online Free. But, on his inauguration day, January 1. Republican Governor Terry Branstad reversed Vilsack's executive order, disenfranchising thousands of people.[1. Nine other states disenfranchise felons for various lengths of time following their conviction.

Except for Maine and Vermont, and as of September 2. California, every state prohibits felons from voting while in prison.[1. Constitutionality[edit]Unlike most laws that burden the right of citizens to vote based on some form of social status, felony disenfranchisement laws have been held to be constitutional. In Richardson v. Ramirez (1. United States Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of felon disenfranchisement statutes, finding that the practice did not deny equal protection to disenfranchised voters. The Court looked to Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which proclaims that States which deny the vote to male citizens, except by "participation in rebellion, or other crime," will suffer a reduction in representation. Based on this language, the Court found that this amounted to an "affirmative sanction" of the practice of felon disenfranchisement, and the 1.

Amendment could not prohibit in one section that which is expressly authorized in another. But, critics of the practice argue that Section 2 of the 1. Amendment allows, but does not represent an endorsement of, felony disenfranchisement statutes as constitutional in light of the equal protection clause and is limited only to the issue of reduced representation.

The Court ruled in Hunter v. Underwood 4. 71 U.

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S. 2. 22, 2. 32 (1. Equal Protection if it can be demonstrated that the provision, as enacted, had "both [an] impermissible racial motivation and racially discriminatory impact." (The law in question also disenfranchised people convicted of vagrancy, adultery, and any misdemeanor "involving moral turpitude"; the test case involved two individuals who faced disenfranchisement for presenting invalid checks, which the state authorities had found to be morally turpid behavior.) A felony disenfranchisement law, which on its face is indiscriminate in nature, cannot be invalidated by the Supreme Court unless its enforcement is proven to racially discriminate and to have been enacted with racially discriminatory animus.[citation needed]Classifications[edit]Restoration of voting rights for people who are ex- offenders varies across the United States. Primary classification of voting rights include: Unrestricted[edit]Maine[1. Vermont[1. 7] are the only states with unrestricted voting rights for people who are felons. Both states allow the person to vote during incarceration, via absentee ballot and after terms of conviction end. Ends after release[edit]In fourteen states and the District of Columbia, disenfranchisement ends after incarceration is complete: District of Columbia,[1. Hawaii,[1. 9]Illinois,[2.

Indiana,[2. 1]Maryland,[2. Massachusetts,[2.

Michigan,[2. 4]Montana,[2. New Hampshire,[2. North Dakota,[2. 7]Ohio,[2.

Oregon,[2. 9]Pennsylvania,[3. Rhode Island,[3. 1] and Utah.[3. In February 2. 01. Maryland General Assembly restored the right to vote for more than 4. Governor Larry Hogan.

Maryland’s Senate approved the bill on a narrow 2. House of Delegates voted 8. January 2. 0. Convicted felons under parole or probation had their right to vote restored.

The law is to go into effect in late March, one month before the state's April 2. Ends after parole[edit]In four states, disenfranchisement ends after incarceration and parole (if any) is complete: California,[3. Watch Sing Your Song Streaming.